| NOTE: The dates for many of these empires and confederations, especially the early ones, are very approximate. c. 200 BCE-216 Hun Empires/Confederations in Central Asia c. 350-550 Hun Empire in Eastern Europe and Western Asia 434-453 Ruleof Attila c. 552-744 Goktürk Empire/Confederation in Central Asia 732-735 Orkhon Inscriptions, first discovered written records in Turkish c. 620-1016 Khazar Kingdom in Western Central Asia, todays southern Russia and Eastern Ukraine 9th Century Oguz Confederation of Tribes north of the Jaxartes (Syr Darya) and in Transoxania 868-905 Tulunid Empire in Egypt and Syria 992-1211 Karahanid Empire in Transoxania and Central Asia 977-1186 Ghaznavid Empire in Afghanistan and Northern India 1038-1194 Great Seljuk Empire 1071 Battle of Manzikert 1077-c.i 307 Rum Seljuk Sultanate 1220 Jenghiz Khan first invades the Middle East 1243 Mongols defeat Rum Seljuks at Kosedag 1250-1517 Mamluks in Egypt and Syria 1256-1353 II Khanid Empire (Mongols) in Iran 1258 Mongols capture Baghdad 1281 -1923 Ottoman Empire | 
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